Local adaptation in dispersal in multi‐resource landscapes

The distribution of resources in space has important consequences for the evolution of dispersal‐related traits. Dispersal moderates patterns of gene flow and, consequently, the potential for local adaptation to spatially differentiated resource types. We lack both models and experiments that evaluate how dispersal evolves in landscapes with multiple resources. Here, we investigate the evolution of dispersal in landscapes that contain two resource types that differ in their spatial autocorrelations. Individuals may possess ecological traits that give them a fitness advantage on one or the other resource. We find that resources differing in their spatial autocorrelation select for different optimal dispersal strategies and, further, that some multi‐resource landscapes can support the stable coexistence of distinct dispersal strategies. Whether divergence in dispersal strategies between resource specialists occurs depends on the underlying structure of the resources and the degree of linkage between dispersal strategies and ecological specialization. This work indicates that the spatial autocorrelation of resources is an important factor in determining when evolutionary branching is likely to occur, and sheds light on when secondary isolating mechanisms should arise between locally adapted specialists.     

Effect of stochastic resonance on proprioception and kinesthesia in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructed patients

Low amplitude mechanical noise vibration has been shown to improve somatosensory acuity in various clinical groups with comparable deficiencies through a phenomenon known as Stochastic Resonance (SR). This technology showed promising outcomes in improving somatosensory acuity in other clinical patients (e.g., Parkinson’s disease and osteoarthritis). Some degree of chronic somatosensory deficiency in the knee has been reported following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery. In this study, the effect of the SR phenomenon on improving knee somatosensory acuity (proprioception and kinesthesia) in female ACL reconstructed (ACLR) participants (n = 19) was tested at three months post-surgery, and the results were compared to healthy controls (n = 28). Proprioception was quantified by the measure of joint position sense (JPS) and kinesthesia with the threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM).The results based on the statistical analysis demonstrated an overall difference between the somatosensory acuity in the ACLR limb compared to healthy controls (p = 0.007). A larger TDPM was observed in the ACLR limb compared to the healthy controls (p = 0.002). However, the JPS between the ACLR and healthy limbs were not statistically significantly different (p = 0.365). SR significantly improved JPS (p = 0.006) while the effect was more pronounced in the ACLR cohort. The effect on the TDPM did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.681) in either group.In conclusion, deficient kinesthesia in the ACLR limb was observed at three months post-surgery. Also, the positive effects of SR on somatosensory acuity in the ACL reconstructed group warrant further investigation into the use of this phenomenon to improve proprioception in ACLR and healthy groups.     

Investigation of left heart flow using a numerical correlation to model heart wall motion

A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method has been developed to model the flow in the left heart including atrium and ventricle. Since time resolution of the medical scans does not fit the requirements of the CFD calculations, the main challenge in a numerical simulation of heart chambers is wall motion modeling. This study employs a novel three-dimensional approximation scheme to correlate the wall boundary and grid movement in systole and diastole. It uses a geometry extracted from medical images in the literature and deformed based on the reported flow rates. The opening and closing of the mitral (MV) and the aortic valve (AV) considered as simultaneous events. Unstructured tetragonal grids were used for the meshing of the domain. The calculation was performed by a Navier–Stokes solver using the arbitrary Lagrange–Euler (ALE) formulation. Results show that the proposed correlation for the wall motion could predict the main features of heart flows.     

北京西山地区油松林水文过程中营养元素迁移特征

对北京西山地区31a油松林降水化学进行定位监测与分析.结果表明：（1）大气降水流经油松林过程中,其营养元素（除Na^＋外）的浓度出现梯度变化：树干茎流高于穿透雨高于大气降水,并且有明显的月际变化,表明从林冠、树干淋洗大量的营养元素,林冠和树干中养分元素迁移是森林生态系统养分循环重要的组成部分.（2）营养元素变化中,浓度差异变化较大的元素是NO3^--N和K^＋,NO3^--N在穿透雨和树干茎流的浓度分别是大气降水的4.4倍、9.9倍,它们中的K^＋浓度分别为大气降水的4.1倍和8.1倍.（3）降水经过油松林,养分淋溶总量为54.12kg hm^-2,淋溶量较多的元素是Ca和K,淋溶强度最大的元素是K^＋.（4）北京西山地区大气降水输入林地的养分66.38kg hm^-2,较多的元素是Ca、N.降水经过油松林输入林地养分总量为120.50kg hm^-2,Ca元素最高,为61.22kg hm^-2,其次是N元素（NH4^＋-N＋N3^--N）,为31.34kg hm^-2,K元素为16.49kg hm^-2,Mg元素为8.11kg hm^-2,Na元素最少,为3.34kg hm^-2.     

Seedling establishment,underground kinetics,and clonal reiteration: How do Potentilla inclinata and Inula ensifolia get their multifunctional subterranean systems?

The development of a seedling into an adult plant comprises various underground processes. Time-lapse photography (TLP) makes them visible. This is documented for Potentilla inclinata (Rosaceae) and Inula ensifolia (Asteraceae).After germination, P. inclinata develops a taproot system. Contraction phenomena pull the basal part of the shoot at least 10 mm into the soil. Later, several adventitious roots are generated, and thus the root system changes to a fibrous one. This is followed by cloning without separation of the ramets.Seedlings of I. ensifolia develop a weak primary root. At an early stage, adventitious roots are formed at the leaf rosette. This fibrous root system exerts a strong pulling effect on the shoot. After one vegetation period the basis of the rosette is approx. 30 mm under the soil surface. Cloning includes the formation of many new horizontal shoots, which conquer new sites.These two examples show three functional steps common in the developmental progress of subterranean systems: (I) establishment of the seedling, (II) innovation and survival of the young plant, and (III) reiteration (cloning and dispersal). However, to accomplish these basic development steps the diversity of subterranean systems is enhanced by different organographical components.Furthermore, the development of subterranean systems is a dynamic process consisting of two kinetic processes: the vertical movement during seedling establishment, which brings the innovation buds to a safe soil position, and the horizontal movement during dispersal, which conquers new sites.     

黑龙江省齐齐哈尔医学院第三附属医院神经内科

脑卒中后运动功能恢复的机制尚未完全阐明。研究表明中风后功能的恢复与大脑可塑性有关,本文旨在阐述近年对一侧脑缺血后双侧大脑半球的活动的研究成果。     

Harvest selection on multiple traits in the wild revealed by aquatic animal telemetry

Harvesting can have profound impacts on the ecology and evolution of marine populations. However, little is known about the strength and direction of fisheries‐induced selection acting on multiple traits in the wild. Here, we used acoustic telemetry to directly monitor individual behavior and fate in an intensively harvested species, the European lobster (Homarus gammarus, n = 100), in southern Norway. Overall, 24% of the tracked lobsters survived the two‐month harvest season within the study area. Our results indicated that local survival was not random with respect to phenotype. We found no clear support for fisheries‐induced selection acting directly on body size. However, lobsters with large crusher claws relative to their body size, typical of socially dominant individuals, appeared at higher risk of being captured in the conventional trap fishery. We also detected a fine‐scale spatial gradient in survival. After accounting for this gradient, individuals displaying larger home ranges were more likely to survive the harvest season. Finally, we found significant repeatabilities for lobster behavior on a monthly timescale, indicating that individual behavioral attributes tended to persist and may reflect personality. Our study therefore provides empirical support for the need to consider an evolutionary enlightened approach to fisheries management that considers the influence of harvest on multiple traits of target species.     

The integrative effects of behavior and morphology on amphibian movement

Animal movement and dispersal are key factors in population dynamics and support complex ecosystem processes like cross‐boundary subsidies. Juvenile dispersal is an important mechanism for many species and often involves navigation in unfamiliar habitats. For species that metamorphose, such as amphibians, this transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments involves the growth and use of new morphological traits (e.g., legs). These traits strongly impact the fundamental ability of an organism to move in novel landscapes, but innate behaviors can regulate choices that result in the realized movements expressed. By assessing the integrative role of morphology and behavior, we can improve our understanding of juvenile movement, particularly in understudied organisms like amphibians. We assessed the roles of morphological (snout‐vent length and relative leg length) and performance (maximal jump distance) traits in shaping the free movement paths, measured through fluorescent powder tracking, in three anuran species, Pacific treefrog (Hyliola regilla), Western toad (Anaxyrus boreas), and Cascades frog (Rana cascadae). We standardized the measurement of these traits to compare the relative role of species' innate differences versus physical traits in shaping movement. Innate differences, captured by species identity, were the most significant factor influencing movement paths via total movement distance and path sinuosity. Relative leg length was an important contributor but significantly interacted with species identity. Maximal jump performance, which was significantly predicted by morphological traits, was not an important factor in movement behavior relative to species identity. The importance of species identity and associated behavioral differences in realized movement provide evidence for inherent species differences being central to the dispersal and movement of these species. This behavior may stem from niche partitioning of these sympatric species, yet it also calls into question assumptions generalizing anuran movement behavior. These species‐level effects are important in framing differences as past research is applied in management planning.     

Estimating seed dispersal distance: A comparison of methods using animal movement and plant genetic data on two primate‐dispersed Neotropical plant species

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Dispersal patterns in a medium‐density Irish badger population: Implications for understanding the dynamics of tuberculosis transmission

European badgers (Meles meles) are group‐living mustelids implicated in the spread of bovine tuberculosis (TB) to cattle and act as a wildlife reservoir for the disease. In badgers, only a minority of individuals disperse from their natal social group. However, dispersal may be extremely important for the spread of TB, as dispersers could act as hubs for disease transmission. We monitored a population of 139 wild badgers over 7 years in a medium‐density population (1.8 individuals/km²). GPS tracking collars were applied to 80 different individuals. Of these, we identified 25 dispersers, 14 of which were wearing collars as they dispersed. This allowed us to record the process of dispersal in much greater detail than ever before. We show that dispersal is an extremely complex process, and measurements of straight‐line distance between old and new social groups can severely underestimate how far dispersers travel. Assumptions of straight‐line travel can also underestimate direct and indirect interactions and the potential for disease transmission. For example, one female disperser which eventually settled 1.5 km from her natal territory traveled 308 km and passed through 22 different territories during dispersal. Knowledge of badgers' ranging behavior during dispersal is crucial to understanding the dynamics of TB transmission, and for designing appropriate interventions, such as vaccination.